{"id":1064,"date":"2013-09-10T13:07:21","date_gmt":"2013-09-10T10:07:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gbni.usm.md\/?p=1064"},"modified":"2023-05-11T13:11:29","modified_gmt":"2023-05-11T10:11:29","slug":"programa-examenului-de-admitere-in-doctorantura-la-specialitatea-03-00-05-botanica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gbni.usm.md\/?p=1064","title":{"rendered":"Programa examenului de admitere \u00een doctorantur\u0103 la specialitatea \u201c 03.00.05 \u2013 Botanica\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

PROGRAMA <\/strong><\/p>\n

examenului de admitere \u00een doctorantur\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

la specialitatea \u201c 03.00.05 \u2013 Botanica\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

INTRODUCERE<\/strong>
\nBotanica ca \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103. No\u0163iune de tipuri de plante \u00een contextul teoriei evolu\u0163iei plantelor. Unitatea originei plantelor \u015fi animalelor. No\u0163iuni de ontogenez\u0103 \u015fi filogenez\u0103. Circuitul biologic al substan\u0163elor \u00een natur\u0103. Sarcinile actuale ale botanicii. Subdiviziunile botanicii, sarcinile \u015fi obiectivele. Celula ca unitate de baz\u0103 structural\u0103 \u015fi func\u0163ional\u0103 a materiei vii. Evolu\u0163ionalismul, teoria transform\u0103rii organismelor vii (Lamarc\u043a, Darwin).<\/p>\n

CITOLOGIA<\/strong>
\nViru\u015fi, organisme procariote \u015fi eucariote. Forma \u015fi m\u0103rimea celulelor. Structura celulelor. organele celulare. Protoplastul \u015fi componentele lui: nucleul \u015fi citoplasma. Compozi\u0163ia chimic\u0103 \u015fi propriet\u0103\u0163ile fizice ale citoplazmei. Structura citoplazmei. No\u0163iuni de membran\u0103 elementar\u0103. Componentele citoplasmei, structura \u015fi func\u0163iile lor (plazmalema, tonoplastul, hioloplazma, ribozomii, sistemul Golgi, mitocondrile). Plastidele-organite specifice plantelor. Amidon de asimila\u0163ie (primar), de rezerv\u0103 (secundar). Tipurile gr\u0103uncioarelor de amidon.
\nStructura nucleului: membrana nuclear\u0103, nucleoplazma, cromozomii, nucleolul. Ciclul mitotic. Func\u0163iile nucleului. Rolul nucleului \u00een procesele de transmitere a eredit\u0103\u0163ii \u015fi sintez\u0103 a proteinelor. Structura cromozomilor.
\nDeriva\u0163iile protoplastului. Substan\u0163ele de rezerv\u0103 (proteine, glucide, lipide). Substan\u0163ele biologic activate ale celulei (vitamine, fitohormoni, antibiotici).
\nVacuola. Compozi\u0163ia sucului celular. Cristale. Peretele celular, formarea lui, structura \u015fi cre\u015fterea. Propriet\u0103\u0163ile fizice \u015fi chimice ale celulozei. Porii \u015fi plasmodesmele. Modific\u0103rile peretelui celular. Mecanismul de p\u0103trundere a substan\u0163elor \u00een celul\u0103. Presiunea osmotic\u0103. Turgor. Plasmoliza.
\nDiviziunea nucleului \u015fi a celulei: mitoza, amitoza \u015fi meioza. Deosebirile dintre celula vegetal\u0103 \u015fi cea animal\u0103.<\/p>\n

HISTOLOGIA<\/strong>
\nNo\u0163iune de \u0163esut. Clasificarea \u0163esuturilor. \u0162esuturi formative (miresteme), apicale, laterale, intercalare, traumatice. \u0162esuturi protectoare : epiderma, suberul, stomatele, perii sau trichomii, emergen\u0163e, lenticele. \u0162esuturi fundamentale: parenchim de absorb\u0163ie, de asimilare, de depozitare. \u0162esutri conduc\u0103toare: vasele lemnoase (trahee, troheide). Tuburi ciuruite (vase liberiene) \u015fi celulele- anexe. Fascicule conduc\u0103toare. Xilemul \u015fi floemul. \u0162esuturi mecanice:colenchimul, sclerenchimul, sclereidele. \u0162esuturi secretoare: celule secretoare, epiderme secretoare, peri grandulari, pungi \u015fi canale secretoare.<\/p>\n

ORGANOGRAFIA<\/strong>
\nLegit\u0103\u0163ile structurii morfologice ale organelor vegetative (polaritatea, simetria, etc.). r\u0103d\u0103cina \u015fi func\u0163iile ei. Forme de r\u0103d\u0103cini \u015fi sisteme radiculare. Zonele r\u0103d\u0103cinii. Structura anatomic\u0103 primar\u0103. R\u0103d\u0103cini metamorfozate. Micoriza. Nodozit\u0103\u0163i.
\nTulpina. Func\u0163iile tulpinei tipice supraterestre. Structura morfologic\u0103 a tulpinei. No\u0163iune de l\u0103star. L\u0103starul alungit \u015fi scurt. Mugurii \u015fi clasificarea lor. Cre\u015fterea l\u0103starului. Ramifica\u0163ia. Fazele de dezvoltare. Structura anatomic\u0103 la monocotiledonate. No\u0163uine de cilindru central (periciclu). Structura primar\u0103 la gimnosperme \u015fi dicotiledonate. Cambiul \u015fi activitatea cambiului. Cambiul fascicular \u015fi cambiul vascular. Structura fascicular\u0103 \u015fi nefascicular\u0103. Elementele histologice ale lemnului. Inele anuale. Elementele histologice ale floemului. Periderma \u015fi ritidomul.
\nFrunza. Structura \u015fi func\u0163iile. P\u0103r\u0163ile componente ale frunzei. Frunze simple \u015fi compuse. Forma \u015fi m\u0103rimea frunzei. Dispozi\u0163ia frunzelor pe l\u0103stari-anexe foliare. Structura microscopic\u0103 a frunzelor la monocotiledonate \u015fi dicotiledonate. Structura frunzei la conifere. Dependen\u0163a structurii frunzei de condi\u0163iile ecologice. Structura bigacial\u0103, monofacial\u0103 \u015fi ecofacial\u0103. Longevitatea frunzei \u015fi c\u0103derea frunzelor. Metamorfoza organelor vegetative ale plantelor. Organe analoage \u015fi homoloage.<\/p>\n

\u00ceNMUL\u0162IREA PLANTELOR \u015eI EVOLU\u0162IA PROCESULUI SEXUAL<\/strong>
\nNo\u0163iune de \u00eenmul\u0163ire (multiplicare) \u015fi reproducere. \u00cenmul\u0163irea vegetativ\u0103. \u00cenmul\u0163irea prin marcote, drajoni, buta\u015fi de tulpin\u0103, r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103, frunz\u0103, rizomi, tuberculi, stoloni \u015fi altoiri. Altoirile \u015fi aplicarea lor. Tipurile de spori. Diviziunea reduc\u0163ional\u0103 a nucleului \u00een celulele materne ale sporilor. Reproducerea sexuat\u0103. Formele reproducerii sexuate \u00een procesul evolu\u0163iei de la alge p\u00een\u0103 la pinafite. Game\u0163ii \u015fi zigotul. Izogamia, heterogamia, oogamia. Alternan\u0163a genera\u0163iilor. Faza diploid\u0103 \u015fi haploid\u0103.<\/p>\n

SISTEMATICA PLANTELOR<\/strong>
\nEvolu\u0163ia \u015fi sistemele lumii vegetale. Unit\u0103\u0163i taxonomice: diviziunea, clasa, ordinul, familia, genul, specia. Carl Linne \u015fi nomenclatura binar\u0103 a speciei. Plantele inferioare. Subregnul Procytobionta \u2013 Virophyta \u2013 viru\u015fii. Caracteristica general\u0103. Structura \u015fi modul lor de nutri\u0163ie. Subregnul Thallobionta procariota: Bacteriophyta, Cyanophyta. Caracteristica general\u0103, structura. Importan\u0163a lor \u00een natur\u0103 \u015fi \u00een economie. Subregnul Thallobionta Eucariota: grupa de diviziuni algale: algele verzi, aurii, diatomee, brune, ro\u015fii. Rolul algelor \u00een natur\u0103 \u015fi importan\u0163a economic\u0103 (planctonul \u015fi bentosul); Micophyta, caracteristica.
\nCiupercile saprofite \u015fi parazite, caracteristica general\u0103. Clasele de ciuperci. Archimycete, ascomicete, basydiomicete. Fungi infecta\u0163i. Rolul fungilor \u00een natur\u0103, agricultur\u0103, medicin\u0103. Pozi\u0163ia filogenetic\u0103 a ciupercilor.
\nPlantele superioare. Subregnul Cormobionta. Originea \u015fi c\u0103ile de dezvoltare. Adaptarea la via\u0163a terestr\u0103.
\nDiviziunea Bryophyta (mu\u015fchii). Clasificarea. Mu\u015fchii de turb\u0103 , structura \u015fi importan\u0163a.
\nDiviziunile Rhyniophyta \u015fi Psilotophyta. Caracteristica \u015fi reprezentan\u0163ii (cu spori identici \u015fi spori diversifica\u0163i).
\nDiviziunea Pinophyta (Gymnospermatophyta). Leg\u0103tura evolutiv\u0103 cu alte cormobionte. Clasele \u015fi ordinile gymnospermelor, caracteristicile morfologice. Reprezentan\u0163ii principali, importan\u0163a \u00een economie.
\nDiviziunea Magnoliophyta (Angiospermatophyta). Caracteristica general\u0103. Tipul apari\u0163iei (geologic), dezvoltarea furtunoas\u0103 a angiospermelor. Originea florii. Floarea \u015fi p\u0103r\u0163ile ei. Diagrama \u015fi formula florii. Inflorescen\u0163a, clasificarea inflorescen\u0163elor.
\nAndroceul. Structura staminei (micro- \u015fi macroscopic\u0103). Microsporogeneza \u015fi formarea gametofitului (polenului). Gineceul. Structura pistilui. Tipul de ovar \u015fi importan\u0163a evolutiv\u0103. Tipurile de placent\u0103. Structura ovulului. Megasporogeneza. Dezvoltarea sacului embrionar. \u00cenflorirea \u015fi polenizarea. Autopolenizarea. Cleistogamia. Polenizarea \u00eencruci\u015fat\u0103. Dihogamia, heterosilia. \u00cencruci\u015farea \u015fi importan\u0163a ei.
\nFecundarea dubl\u0103. Istoria descoperirii fecund\u0103rii duble. Caracterul selectiv al fecund\u0103rii. Endospermul secundar \u015fi perispermul. Poliembrionie, apomixie, amfimixie. Partenogeneza. Aposporia.
\nDezvoltarea semin\u0163ei. Structura semin\u0163elor. Morfologia plantulei \u015fi caracterul cre\u015fterii ei. Hipocotilul \u015fi epicotilul. Fructul. Dezvoltarea, structura \u015fi clasificarea fructelor. Partenocarpia. Geocarpia. Metodele sistematicii filogenetice: morfologico-comparativ\u0103, paleontologic\u0103, florogenetic\u0103, ontogenetic\u0103. \u00censemn\u0103tatea filogenetic\u0103 a caracterelor morfologice. Sistemele ontogenetice moderne, \u00eensemn\u0103tatea lor \u015fi critica (Vet\u015ftein, Gallir, B\u0103szi, Engler, \u041auzne\u0163ov, Grosghein, Tahtadjian, etc.)<\/p>\n

Clasa Magnoliopsida \u2013 dicotelidonate
\nFam. Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, Berbiriaceae, Ranunculaceae, Nepethaceae. Rosigene: Saxilragaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Linaceae, Eurphobiaceae, Rutaceae, Vitaceae, Araliaceae, Betulaceae, Juglanaceae, Convolaceae, Cuscutaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Orobachaceae, Lamiaceae.
\nPariataligene:
\nFam. Papaveraceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Steraceae, Theaceae, Ericaceae.
\nCentrospermigene: Monochlamydeae, Chenopodiaceae, Polygonaceae, Cannabaceae, Caryophylaceae, Moraceae.
\nSaxiligene:Clasa Monocotyledoneae (liliopsidae).
\nGrupa ordinelor Corolliflorae: Liliaceae, Alismataceae, Amaryllidaceae, Iridaceae, Juncaceae, Orhidaceae, Poaceae.
\nGrupa ordinelor Glumiflorae:Palmaceae, Araceae, Thyphaceae.
\nCaracteristica familiilor se efectueaz\u0103 \u00een felul urm\u0103tor: structura organelor vegetale ale plantelor, florilor \u015fi fructelor, particularit\u0103\u0163ile caracteristice ecologice, r\u0103sp\u00eendirea geografic\u0103, locul \u00een r\u00eendul evolu\u0163ionist, \u00eensemn\u0103tatea practic\u0103. A \u00eendrepta o aten\u0163ie deosebit\u0103 la plantele cultivate \u015fi buruiene.
\nElemente de fitogeografie
\nCompartimentele fitogeografiei. Ecologia plantelor. Unitatea organismelor \u015fi mediului. Interac\u0163iunea factorilor ecologici: apa, temperatura, lumina, v\u00eentul, factorii biotici ai orgnismelor vii. Ac\u0163iunea complexului de factori ecologici. Adaptarea plantelor la mediul de via\u0163\u0103. No\u0163iune de vegeta\u0163ie \u015fi flor\u0103. Geografia floristic\u0103 . No\u0163iuni despre areal. Tipurile de areal. \u00cenv\u0103\u0163\u0103tura despre fitocenoze. No\u0163iune de asocia\u0163ie. Tipurile de vegeta\u0163ie. No\u0163iune de biogeocenoze. Zonele vegetale. Zonalitatea vertical\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00a0BIBLIOGRAFIE:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Ioan Grin\u0163escu. Botanica.Ed. \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 \u015fi enciclopedic\u0103. Bucure\u015fti, 1985.
\n2. Iuliu Morariu. Botanica general\u0103 \u015fi sistematic\u0103. Ed. Agro-silvic\u0103, Bucure\u015fti, 1965.
\n3. P\u0103un M., Turenschi E., Ifteni L. \u015fi al. Botanica. Ed. Did. \u015fi Ped., Bucure\u015fti, 1980.
\n4. \u015eerbescu-Jitariu G., Toma C. Morfologia \u015fi anatomia plantelor. Ed. Did. \u015fi Ped., Bucure\u015fti, 1980.
\n5. Andrei M. Anatomia plantelor. Ed. Did. \u015ei Ped., Bucure\u015fti, 1979.
\n6. Pop I., Lungu L., Hodi\u015fan I., Cristurean I., Mititelu D., Mihai G. Botanica sistematic\u0103. Ed. Did. \u015fi Ped., Bucure\u015fti, 1983.
\n7. \u041b\u0430\u0445\u0435\u0440 \u0412. \u042d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041c., 1978.
\n8. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0422.\u0410. \u0424\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f. \u041c., 1978.
\n9. \u0412\u0430\u043b\u044a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0413. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044a\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0430. \u041c., 1968-1975, \u0442. 1-1968, \u0442.2 \u2013 1974, \u0442. 3 \u2013 1975.
\n10. \u0427\u0435\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u042e. \u0421. \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f. \u041c., 1978.
\n11. \u0416\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445. \u041c. 1974-1978.
\n12. \u0416\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041f. \u041c. \u0411\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u041c., \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441, 1982.
\n13. \u0425\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0412. \u0413. \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438.
\n14. \u0426\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041c., 1976.
\n15. \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041c., 1982.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Chi\u015fin\u0103u – 2013<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

PROGRAMA examenului de admitere \u00een doctorantur\u0103 la specialitatea \u201c 03.00.05 \u2013 Botanica\u201d INTRODUCERE Botanica ca \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103. No\u0163iune de tipuri de plante \u00een contextul teoriei evolu\u0163iei plantelor. Unitatea originei plantelor \u015fi animalelor. No\u0163iuni de ontogenez\u0103 \u015fi filogenez\u0103. Circuitul biologic al substan\u0163elor \u00een natur\u0103. Sarcinile actuale ale botanicii. Subdiviziunile botanicii, sarcinile \u015fi obiectivele. Celula ca unitate de…
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